Whether you're aspiring to enter a prestigious university, or gearing up to become an educator who will shape the minds of future generations, this set of practice questions for Biology will serve as a valuable resource. The aim is to provide a robust study guide that will help you review and consolidate your understanding of these subjects, and ultimately equip you with the knowledge and confidence needed to succeed in your exams.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is a type of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into two or more offspring?
a. Budding
b. Binary fission
c. Fragmentation
d. Parthenogenesis
2. What is the term for the physical traits of an organism that result from the expression of its genes?
a. Genotype
b. Phenotype
c. Allele
d. Trait
3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
a. Lack of membrane-bound organelles
b. Absence of a nucleus
c. Presence of a cell wall
d. Presence of a nuclear envelope
4. What type of organism converts inorganic compounds into organic compounds through a process called chemosynthesis?
a. Chemoautotroph
b. Photoautotroph
c. Heterotroph
d. Chemoheterotroph
5. What is the term for the process by which water is lost from the aerial parts of plants, mainly through the stomata?
a. Transpiration
b. Evaporation
c. Respiration
d. Condensation
6. What is the term for the process by which a single organism produces genetically identical offspring without the involvement of another organism?
a. Sexual reproduction
b. Asexual reproduction
c. Fertilization
d. Gamete formation
7. Which of the following structures is found only in animal cells?
a. Chloroplast
b. Cell wall
c. Centriole
d. Vacuole
8. What is the term for the process by which an organism's DNA is copied and used as a template to synthesize mRNA?
a. Translation
b. Transcription
c. Replication
d. Protein synthesis
9. Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?
a. Chloroplast
b. Mitochondria
c. Nucleus
d. Ribosome
10. What is the term for the process by which a cell engulfs large particles or other cells through the folding of its membrane?
a. Endocytosis
b. Exocytosis
c. Diffusion
d. Osmosis
11. Which of the following is NOT a type of macromolecule found in living organisms?
a. Carbohydrate
b. Lipid
c. Protein
d. Salt
12. What is the term for the process by which an organism's phenotype is influenced by both its genotype and its environment?
a. Epigenetics
b. Genotype-environment correlation
c. Gene-environment interaction
d. Heritability
13. Which of the following is a type of passive transport that does not require energy?
a. Active transport
b. Facilitated diffusion
c. Endocytosis
d. Exocytosis
14. What is the term for the process by which two gametes combine to form a zygote?
a. Fertilization
b. Reproduction
c. Meiosis
d. Mitosis
15. What type of cellular junction is responsible for connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing for communication and the passage of small molecules between cells?
a. Tight junction
b. Gap junction
c. Desmosome
d. Plasmodesmata
16. Which of the following organelles is responsible for protein synthesis?
a. Ribosome
b. Endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Lysosome
17. What is the term for the process by which mRNA is decoded and used as a template to synthesize a protein?
a. Translation
b. Transcription
Replication
d. Protein synthesis
18. What is the term for the process by which a cell divides its cytoplasm and organelles, resulting in the formation of two separate daughter cells?
a. Cytokinesis
b. Meiosis
c. Mitosis
d. Cell division
19. Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?
a. Regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell
b. Providing structural support to the cell
c. Synthesizing proteins
d. Acting as a boundary between the cell and its environment
20. What is the term for the process by which a cell moves substances against a concentration gradient, requiring the input of energy?
a. Active transport
b. Passive transport
c. Diffusion
d. Osmosis
21. What is the term for the semi-fluid substance found within the cell membrane that contains organelles and other cellular components?
a. Cytoplasm
b. Cytosol
c. Extracellular matrix
d. Nucleoplasm
22. Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell theory?
a. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
b. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
c. Cells are the smallest unit of life
d. All cells contain DNA
23. Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue in the human body?
a. Bone
b. Blood
c. Muscle
d. Cartilage
24. What type of blood vessels are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart?
a. Arteries
b. Veins
c. Capillaries
d. Lymph vessels
25. Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?
a. They are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
b. They are consumed in the chemical reactions they catalyze
c. They increase the activation energy of chemical reactions
d. They are inorganic molecules
26. What is the term for a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule?
a. Gene
b. Chromosome
c. Allele
d. Genome
27. Which of the following structures is found only in plant cells?
a. Chloroplast
b. Cell wall
c. Centriole
d. Both A and B
28. What type of macromolecule is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information?
a. Carbohydrate
b. Lipid
c. Protein
d. Nucleic acid
29. Which of the following is a type of simple sugar that serves as a building block for more complex carbohydrates?
a. Monosaccharide
b. Disaccharide
c. Polysaccharide
d. Oligosaccharide
30. Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?
a. Nutrient absorption
b. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
c. Waste excretion
d. Circulation
31. What type of tissue is responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body?
a. Nervous tissue
b. Muscle tissue
c. Connective tissue
d. Epithelial tissue
32. What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Active transport
d. Passive transport
33. What is the term for the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration?
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Active transport
d. Passive transport
34. Which of the following is a type of structural protein that forms hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin?
a. Collagen
b. Elastin
c. Keratin
d. Actin
35. What is the term for the process by which a cell produces a copy of its DNA before cell division?
a. DNA replication
b. Transcription
c. Translation
d. Protein synthesis
36. Which of the following is a type of lipid that serves as a long-term energy storage molecule?
a. Triglyceride
b. Phospholipid
c. Steroid
d. Waxes
37. Which of the following is a type of specialized cell that can produce an electrical signal called an action potential?
a. Neuron
b. Muscle cell
c. Epithelial cell
d. Connective tissue cell
38. Which of the following is a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response by engulfing and destroying foreign substances and cellular debris?
a. Erythrocyte
b. Leukocyte
c. Platelet
d. Lymphocyte
39. What is the term for the process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP in the presence of oxygen?
a. Aerobic respiration
b. Anaerobic respiration
c. Fermentation
d. Photosynthesis
40. Which of the following is a type of cellular junction that forms a waterproof seal between adjacent cells?
a. Tight junction
b. Gap junction
c. Desmosome
d. Plasmodesmata
41. Which of the following is a type of RNA that forms part of the structure of ribosomes?
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
c. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
d. All of the above
42. What is the term for the process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen?
a. Aerobic respiration
b. Anaerobic respiration
c. Fermentation
d. Photosynthesis
43. Which of the following is a type of cellular junction that connects the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells?
a. Tight junction
b. Gap junction
c. Desmosome
d. Plasmodesmata
44. What type of blood vessels are responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
a. Arteries
b. Veins
c. Capillaries
d. Lymph vessels
45. What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a transport protein?
a. Facilitated diffusion
b. Simple diffusion
c. Active transport
d. Osmosis
46. Which of the following is a type of cell that produces and secretes hormones?
a. Endocrine cell
b. Exocrine cell
c. Nerve cell
d. Muscle cell
47. What is the term for the process by which cells break down food particles and other substances to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen?
a. Aerobic respiration
b. Anaerobic respiration
c. Fermentation
d. Photosynthesis
48. What is the term for a network of protein filaments and tubules that provides structural support and helps maintain cell shape?
a. Cytoskeleton
b. Extracellular matrix
c. Cell membrane
d. Nuclear envelope
49. Which of the following is a type of RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
c. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
d. All of the above
50. What is the term for the process by which cells break down large molecules into smaller molecules, often releasing energy in the process?
a. Catabolism
b. Anabolism
c. Metabolism
d. Fermentation
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