Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is a type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
c. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
d. All of the above
2. What type of tissue is responsible for contracting and generating force?
a. Nervous tissue
b. Muscle tissue
c. Connective tissue
d. Epithelial tissue
3. What type of tissue is responsible for lining body surfaces and cavities, forming glands, and providing a barrier between the external and internal environment?
a. Nervous tissue
b. Muscle tissue
c. Connective tissue
d. Epithelial tissue
4. Which of the following is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four non-identical haploid cells?
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
c. Cytokinesis
d. Binary fission
5. Which of the following is a type of cell division that results in the formation of two identical diploid cells?
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
c. Cytokinesis
d. Binary fission
6. What type of blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide?
a. Erythrocytes
b. Leukocytes
c. Platelets
d. Lymphocytes
7. What type of cells are responsible for producing antibodies and coordinating the immune response?
a. Erythrocytes
b. Leukocytes
c. Platelets
d. Lymphocytes
8. What is the term for the process by which a cell engulfs a particle or another cell and then releases the contents into the extracellular environment?
a. Endocytosis
b. Exocytosis
c. Phagocytosis
d. Pinocytosis
9. Which of the following is a type of cell division that occurs in prokaryotic cells, resulting in two identical daughter cells?
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
c. Cytokinesis
d. Binary fission
10. Which of the following is a type of lipid that forms the structural component of cell membranes?
a. Triglyceride
b. Phospholipid
c. Steroid
d. Wax
11. What is the term for a molecule that is involved in the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA?
a. Transcription factor
b. Ribosome
c. Polymerase
d. Helicase
12. What is the term for a molecule that binds to an enzyme and reduces its activity?
a. Inhibitor
b. Activator
c. Cofactor
d. Coenzyme
13. What type of cell is responsible for producing insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels?
a. Beta cell
b. Alpha cell
c. Delta cell
d. Gamma cell
14. Which of the following is a type of cell that produces and secretes mucus?
a. Goblet cell
b. Ciliated cell
c. Squamous cell
d. Cuboidal cell
15. What is the term for a type of cell that is capable of differentiating into multiple cell types during development?
a. Stem cell
b. Progenitor cell
c. Somatic cell
d. Germ cell
16. What is the term for a molecule that binds to a specific receptor site on an enzyme, causing a change in the enzyme's shape and increasing its activity?
a. Inhibitor
b. Activator
c. Cofactor
d. Coenzyme
17. What is the term for the process by which cells break down lipids to produce ATP?
a. Lipolysis
b. Glycolysis
c. Beta-oxidation
d. Citric acid cycle
18. What type of cell is responsible for producing glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar levels?
a. Beta cell
b. Alpha cell
c. Delta cell
d. Gamma cell
19. Which of the following is a type of cell that lines the small intestine and absorbs nutrients?
a. Goblet cell
b. Ciliated cell
c. Enterocyte
d. Parietal cell
20. What is the term for a type of cell that can differentiate into a limited number of cell types during development?
a. Totipotent stem cell
b. Pluripotent stem cell
c. Multipotent stem cell
d. Oligopotent stem cell
21. What is the term for a molecule that binds to a specific receptor site on an enzyme and alters its activity by changing its shape?
a. Allosteric modulator
b. Competitive inhibitor
c. Noncompetitive inhibitor
d. Coenzyme
22. What is the term for the process by which cells break down glycogen to produce glucose?
a. Glycogenesis
b. Glycogenolysis
c. Glycolysis
d. Gluconeogenesis
23. What is the term for a type of cell that can differentiate into any cell type during development?
a. Totipotent stem cell
b. Pluripotent stem cell
c. Multipotent stem cell
d. Oligopotent stem cell
24. What type of cells are responsible for detecting changes in the environment and transmitting information to the brain?
a. Sensory cells
b. Motor cells
c. Secretory cells
d. Structural cells
25. What is the term for the process by which cells break down proteins to produce amino acids?
a. Proteolysis
b. Lipolysis
c. Glycolysis
d. Fermentation
26. Which of the following is a type of cell that produces and secretes hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
a. Goblet cell
b. Ciliated cell
c. Enterocyte
d. Parietal cell
27. What is the term for the process by which cells synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol?
a. Glycogenesis
b. Glycogenolysis
c. Glycolysis
d. Gluconeogenesis
28. What type of cell is responsible for transmitting electrical signals from the brain to the muscles?
a. Sensory cell
b. Motor neuron
c. Secretory cell
d. Structural cell
29. What is the term for the process by which cells synthesize glycogen from glucose?
a. Glycogenesis
b. Glycogenolysis
c. Glycolysis
d. Gluconeogenesis
30. What is the term for a type of cell that can differentiate into only a few closely related cell types during development?
a. Totipotent stem cell
b. Pluripotent stem cell
c. Multipotent stem cell
d. Oligopotent stem cell
31. What is the term for the process by which cells break down carbohydrates to produce ATP?
a. Carbohydrate metabolism
b. Lipid metabolism
c. Protein metabolism
d. Nucleic acid metabolism
32. What is the term for a type of cell that can differentiate into all cell types, except for the cells that form the placenta and other extraembryonic tissues?
a. Totipotent stem cell
b. Pluripotent stem cell
c. Multipotent stem cell
d. Oligopotent stem cell
33. What is the term for the process by which cells break down nucleic acids to produce nucleotides?
a. Nucleic acid metabolism
b. Carbohydrate metabolism
c. Lipid metabolism
d. Protein metabolism
34. Which of the following is a type of cell that produces and secretes bile in the liver?
a. Hepatocyte
b. Kupffer cell
c. Pancreatic acinar cell
d. Parietal cell
35. What type of cell is responsible for producing and secreting digestive enzymes in the pancreas?
a. Pancreatic acinar cell
b. Hepatocyte
c. Kupffer cell
d. Parietal cell
36. Which of the following is a type of cell that forms the blood-brain barrier and helps maintain a stable environment for neurons in the central nervous system?
a. Astrocyte
b. Oligodendrocyte
c. Microglial cell
d. Schwann cell
37. What type of cell is responsible for producing myelin, an insulating layer that surrounds the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system?
a. Schwann cell
b. Astrocyte
c. Oligodendrocyte
d. Microglial cell
38. Which of the following is a type of cell that forms the myelin sheath around the axons of neurons in the central nervous system?
a. Oligodendrocyte
b. Astrocyte
c. Microglial cell
d. Schwann cell
39. What is the term for the process by which cells synthesize new macromolecules from smaller molecules, often requiring energy input?
a. Catabolism
b. Anabolism
c. Metabolism
d. Fermentation
40. What type of cell is responsible for detecting and destroying foreign substances and damaged cells in the liver?
a. Kupffer cell
b. Hepatocyte
c. Pancreatic acinar cell
d. Parietal cell
41. What is the term for the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose?
a. Photosynthesis
b. Cellular respiration
c. Fermentation
d. Chemiosmosis
42. Which of the following is a type of cell that lines the alveoli and allows for gas exchange in the lungs?
a. Type I alveolar cell
b. Type II alveolar cell
c. Ciliated cell
d. Goblet cell
43. What type of cell is responsible for producing surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing?
a. Type II alveolar cell
b. Type I alveolar cell
c. Ciliated cell
d. Goblet cell
44. Which of the following is a type of cell that removes waste products and excess ions from the blood to form urine in the kidneys?
a. Nephron
b. Podocyte
c. Renal tubule cell
d. Glomerular endothelial cell
45. What is the term for the process by which cells convert the energy stored in glucose into a more usable form, such as ATP?
a. Cellular respiration
b. Photosynthesis
c. Fermentation
d. Chemiosmosis
46. Which of the following organisms does NOT belong to the animal kingdom?
a. Sea urchin
b. Mushroom
c. Bat
d. Dolphin
47. What is the main function of the ribosomes in a cell?
a. Energy production
b. Protein synthesis
c. DNA replication
d. Waste disposal
48. What is the term for the variety of life within an ecosystem?
a. Heterogeneity
b. Biodiversity
c. Multiplicity
d. Complexity
49. What type of cell division results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell?
a. Binary fission
b. Mitosis
c. Meiosis
d. Cytokinesis
50. Which of the following is NOT a part of the human digestive system?
a. Stomach
b. Lungs
c. Small intestine
d. Esophagus
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